FOOT NOTES THAT SUPPORT EXERCISE AS A TREATMENT INTERVENTION FOR CHRONIC PAIN:

124) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts, Page 92, 2nd paragraph (functional restoration): “If … there is a delay in return to work or a prolonged period of inactivity, a program of functional restoration can be considered. Such a program could include components of aerobic conditioning as well as strength and flexibility assessments where necessary.”

125) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts Chapter 6, Page 114, 3rd paragraph: “…functional restoration, reports return-to-work rates of more than 80% following treatment, with a high percentage of these persons still working after one year.”

126) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts; Chapter 12, page 309, 3rd column: “Activities & Exercise”: Recommended Column: “Low-stress aerobic exercise, conditioning exercises for the trunk muscles after 2 weeks.”

127) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts; Chapter 8: Page 122 – 123 Treatment/Care Protocols; Exercise Training - Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters” (aka: The Mercy Guidelines

141) Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Pinsky DJ: COX inhibitors and thromboregulation. New Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 1025–26

144) Frost H, Lamb SE, et al. 'A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.' Pain 1998;75:273-9.

145) Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. 'Low Back Pain.' N Engl J Med 2001; 344(5):363-370

146) van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. ‘Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions.’ Spine 1997; 22:2128-56.

147) Malmivaara A, Häkkinen U, Aro T, et al. ‘The treatment of acute low back pain — bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity?’ N Engl J Med 1995;332:351-5.

148) Lahad A, Malter AD, Berg AO, Deyo RA. ‘The effectiveness of four interventions for the prevention of low back pain.’ JAMA 1994;272:1286- 91.

149) Faas A, Chavannes AW, van Eijk JTM, Gubbels JW. ‘A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain.’ Spine 1993;18:1388-95.

150) Rainville J, et al. “the influence of intense exercise-based physical therapy program on back pain anticipated before and induced by physical activities.” Spine J 2004; 4(2):176-83 QUOTE: “exercise exerts a positive influence on chronic back pain and disability.”

151) Lee D. “Low back pain intervention: Conservative or Surgical?” J Surg Orthop Adv 2003;12(4):200-202 QUOTE: “conservative treatment must emphasize restoration and maintenance of functional movement.”

152) Rainville J, et al. “Exercise as a treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain.” Spine J 2004; 4(1): 106-115 QUOTE: “many have observed that exercise can lessen the behavioral, cognitive, affect and disability aspects of back pain syndromes.”

153) Liddle et al. “Exercise and chronic lower back pain: what works?” Pain 2004; 107(1-2):176-90 QUOTE: “Despite the variety offered, exercise has a positive effect on Chronic Lower Back Pain patients, and results are largely maintained at follow-up.”

154) Sung PS. “Multifidi muscle medium frequency before and after spinal stabilization exercise.” Ach Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(9):1313-8 Quote: “A 4-week spinal stabilization exercise program significantly improved functional status in patients presenting with LBD.”

155) O'Sullivan PB, et al. "Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis." Spine 1997; 22(24): 2959-67. "A "specific exercise" treatment approach appears more effective than other commonly prescribed conservative treatment programs..."

156) Hides JA, et al. "Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain." Spine 1996; 21:2763-9 “Muscle recovery was more rapid and more complete in patients in group 2 who received exercise therapy...”this was a randomized controlled study.

157) Hides JA, et al. “Long term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first episode low back pain." Spine 2001:26:E243-8 “patients from the specific exercise group experienced fewer recurrences of LBP than patients from the control group”....At both one year and three year follow-up.

158) Goldby L, et al. "A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of manual therapy, exercises to rehabilitate spinal stabilization and an education booklet in the conservative treatment of chronic low back pain.’ In: Proceedings of International Federation of manipulative Therapists. Perth, Australia: 2000

159) Albright J. “Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain.” Phys Ther. 2001 ;81:1641-1674

160) Bekkering G et al. “ KNGF-richtlijn Lage-rugpijn. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother, 2001 ;111( suppl):3

161) Spitzer W, et al. “Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders: a monograph for clinicians: Report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders.” Spine 1987; 12( suppl):1-59

170) Maher CG. ‘Effective physical treatment for chronic low back pain.’ Orthop Clin N Am 2004;35:57-64

171) Maher C. et al. ‘Prescription of activity for low back pain: what works?’ Aust J Physiother 1999;45:121-32

172) Philadelphia Panel. Philadelphia panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain.’ Phys Ther 2001; 81(10):1641-74

173) van Tulder M, et al. ‘Exercise therapy for low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration back review group.’ Spine 2000;25(21):2784-96

174) Bekkering G, et al. ‘Dutch physiotherapy guidelines for low back pain.’ Physiotherapy 2003;89(2):82-96

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